Insights

On March 27, 2025, the Department of Justice Antitrust Division launched an Anticompetitive Regulations Task Force (the “Task Force”) designed to identify and eliminate state and federal laws and regulations that are deemed to hinder free market competition. The Task Force will bring together attorneys, economists, and other staff from across the Division and interagency partners, and its target sectors include the transportation, healthcare, energy, food & agriculture, and housing industries.

On March 18, President Trump fired the Federal Trade Commission’s two Democratic Commissioners, Alvaro Bedoya and Rebecca Kelly Slaughter. The move represents the latest effort by the Trump administration to exert greater control over executive-branch agencies, including bi-partisan independent agencies like the FTC.

In 2023 and 2024, several U.S. states enacted extensive “Right to Repair” laws, reflecting a growing legislative focus on ensuring consumers have access to the parts and resources needed to repair their own products without relying on the product’s original manufacturer. Most recently, California, Colorado, Minnesota, New York, Massachusetts, and Oregon implemented comprehensive regulations aimed at providing consumers direct access to tools, parts, and information for the repair of various electronic devices and equipment, including digital products and agricultural machinery. As the “Right to Repair” movement continues to gain significant traction across the United States, it is critical that manufacturers understand these laws and how these laws will impact their individual businesses.

President Trump has issued several executive orders relevant to institutions of higher education. Below we detail key provisions of these executive orders to help colleges and universities stay abreast of the everchanging policy landscape, and to provide takeaways to consider while awaiting further federal guidance. 

On February 10, 2025, President Trump issued an Executive Order, Pausing Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Enforcement to Further American Economic and National Security (“Trump’s FCPA Order” or the “Order”), whose stated goal is “to restore American competitiveness and security by ordering revised, reasonable enforcement guidelines” for the FCPA. Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Restores American Competitiveness and Security in FCPA Enforcement (“Fact Sheet”). Trump’s FCPA Order is part of his administration’s policy of “eliminating excessive barriers to American commerce abroad.”

With the coming of the new presidential administration, state antitrust enforcement is poised to intensify. We expect both Republican and Democratic Attorneys General (AGs) to actively pursue antitrust investigations and litigation. They will fill in where the U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission reduce focus but are also sure to work, including on a bipartisan basis, with their federal counterparts. Below, we explore how state AGs are likely to shape the antitrust landscape in the coming four years, and the areas where we anticipate significant enforcement activity.

On December 20, 2024, the Federal Circuit affirmed a district court’s holding that five device patents had been improperly listed in the Orange Book by Teva Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as claiming a drug, and ordering that they be delisted.

On December 17, 2024, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and the Illinois Attorney General (“AG”) announced a $140 million settlement with Grubhub to resolve charges involving an array of allegedly unlawful and deceptive business practices. Even though the FTC’s proposed final rule on junk fees (also announced on December 17, 2024) is limited to hotels, live events, and short-term rentals, this settlement demonstrates that the FTC will use its broad enforcement powers to pursue companies imposing junk fees online, and that both federal and state consumer protection regulators will formulate 2025 enforcement priorities with junk fees and click-to-cancel in mind. Indeed, this $140 million settlement, of which Grubhub will pay $25 million based on its demonstrated inability to pay the full amount, is the first of its kind in that it is a joint action by the FTC and state regulators to pursue both junk fees and click-to-cancel violations.

On October 24, 2024, Crowell & Moring LLP hosted its 38th Annual Managing Tax Audits and Appeals Seminar. The seminar featured several prominent IRS speakers and lively discussion among clients, including conversations about the following hot topics:

On October 25, 2024, FDA issued final guidance to the tattoo industry on the preparation, packing and holding of tattoo inks aimed at preventing the risk of microbial contamination. FDA is getting involved because tattoo ink is considered a cosmetic product regulated by the Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022 (MoCRA).

On August 1, 2024, Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco unveiled the Department of Justice’s new Corporate Whistleblower Awards Pilot Program. The announcement marks the conclusion of the Department’s previously announced “sprint” towards a pilot program, as DAG Lisa Monaco first previewed back in March of this year. 

Congress enacted the UFLPA on December 23, 2021 in response to alleged forced labor violations occurring in the People’s Republic of China. The UFLPA supports U.S. Customs and Border Protection’s (CBP) enforcement of Section 307 of the Tariff Act of 1930. The act aims to prevent the importation of goods sourced and/or made in whole or in part with forced labor from China into the US by imposing a rebuttable presumption that holds that any goods “mined, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part” in the XUAR or “produced by an entity on the UFLPA Entity List” are prohibited from import into the US. The UFLPA’ s rebuttable presumption went into effect on June 21, 2022.  

As of July 1, Utah’s “Equal Opportunity Initiatives” law is in effect.  This law prohibits “discriminatory practices” at higher education institutions, public education systems, and government employers within Utah.  In response to the law, colleges and universities like the University of Utah, Southern Utah University, Utah State University, and Weber State University have reportedly already closed DEI offices and cultural centers.

Crowell Speaks

In response to the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and to exert further pressure on Russia, the EU enacted its 14thsanctions package against Russia on June 24, 2024. The new package comes after months of negotiations between Member States, and follow, but in many ways expand upon, those passed by the United States and the UK last week (see Crowell’s Alert on those developments here). 

On June 26, 2024, a 6-3 majority of the U.S. Supreme Court narrowed the scope of federal bribery law by ruling that 18 U.S.C. § 666 does not cover gratuities provided to officials for past acts. The Court held that Section 666, which outlaws bribery of state and local officials when federal funds are involved, does not extend to “gratuities” that follow an official act, in large part because regulation of such gifts is a matter of state and local law.

As reported in earlier Client Alerts, on November 7, 2023, the Federal Trade Commission challenged 100 patents as improperly listed in the Food and Drug Administration’s “Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations” publication, commonly known as the Orange Book. The FTC sent warning letters to ten drug and medical device manufacturers identifying patents for inhalers, autoinjectors and anti-inflammatory multi-dose bottles that the FTC believes are improperly listed. In response, some manufacturers withdrew their patents, and others agreed to cap certain out-of-pocket costs for their drugs, resulting in a “victory lap” of media activity from the FTC in April.

EU member states must transpose the directive into national law within two years of its entry into force.  Compliance with the Directive will be introduced in stages, as follows:

On May 17, 2024, Colorado Governor Jared Polis signed S.B. 24-205, Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence, the first state law in the country to regulate employers’ use of artificial intelligence in employment decisions.  This law regulates both companies that develop and companies that deploy “high-risk” artificial intelligence systems (“AI systems”).  In particular, the law sets forth a set of provisions designed to ensure that developers and deployers use “reasonable care” to protect consumers from any “known or reasonably foreseeable risks to algorithmic discrimination” arising from the use of the AI system.  The law then creates a rebuttable presumption, for both deployers and developers, that reasonable care was used if they meet specific requirements and disclose key information about high-risk AI systems.  This law will be enforced by the Colorado Attorney General, and a violation of the law constitutes an unfair trade practice.  The law becomes effective on February 1, 2026.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has published revised draft guidelines in the Federal Register on promotional labeling and advertising considerations for the biologic and biosimilar industry, updating guidance from 2020. The quick revisions emphasize the fast-changing and rapidly growing nature of this industry.